Legal Basis: KUHP 2023 and the 2024 ITE Law on Defamation, Threats, Cyberbullying and Corporate Liability, Full Text with English Translation

This post quotes, in full, the articles of Law No. 1 of 2023 (the new Criminal Code, "KUHP") and Law No. 1 of 2024 (the second amendment to the ITE Law) that I rely on in my Fomo case records. The Indonesian text is copied from the official PDFs of both laws; where the scan has obvious character errors I corrected them. The English is my own unofficial translation. This is not legal advice, and I am not a lawyer.

How to read this post

• Source texts: "UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023" (KUHP, State Gazette 2023 No. 1) and "UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2024" (ITE Law amendment, State Gazette 2024 No. 1, Supplement 6905).
• Order: timing first, then the ITE Law (Article 27A and its exceptions), then the KUHP defamation and threat articles, then the KUHP articles on corporate criminal liability.
• Why corporate liability is here: my Fomo case records include a notice addressed to each company whose label appears next to a commenting account. Those notices do not accuse any company of an offence. The corporate-liability articles are quoted so the reader can see how high the bar is for a company to be answerable at all (see the last section).
• Each article is given twice: the Indonesian original first, then my English translation.

1. When each law applies

KUHP, Article 624

Indonesian:

Undang-Undang ini mulai berlaku setelah 3 (tiga) tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan.

English:

This Law comes into force after 3 (three) years counted from the date of its promulgation.

The KUHP was promulgated on 2 January 2023, so it came into force on 2 January 2026.

Law No. 1 of 2024, Article II

Indonesian:

(1) Pada saat Undang-Undang ini mulai berlaku, ketentuan dalam Pasal 27 ayat (1), Pasal 27A, Pasal 28 ayat (2), Pasal 28 ayat (3), Pasal 36, Pasal 45 ayat (1), Pasal 45 ayat (2), Pasal 45 ayat (4), Pasal 45 ayat (5), Pasal 45 ayat (6), Pasal 45 ayat (7), Pasal 45A ayat (2), dan Pasal 45A ayat (3) berlaku sampai dengan diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 1, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6842). (2) Undang-Undang ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal diundangkan.

English:

(1) When this Law comes into force, the provisions of Article 27 paragraph (1), Article 27A, Article 28 paragraph (2), Article 28 paragraph (3), Article 36, Article 45 paragraph (1), Article 45 paragraph (2), Article 45 paragraph (4), Article 45 paragraph (5), Article 45 paragraph (6), Article 45 paragraph (7), Article 45A paragraph (2), and Article 45A paragraph (3) remain in force until Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2023 Number 1, Supplement to the State Gazette Number 6842) is put into effect. (2) This Law comes into force on the date of its promulgation.

What this means in practice (my reading): Law No. 1 of 2024 was promulgated on 2 January 2024. Article 27A of the ITE Law and the defamation paragraphs of Article 45 were a stop-gap that applied from that date until the KUHP took effect on 2 January 2026. Comments from 2023 predate Law No. 1 of 2024 and fall under the earlier ITE Law text. Comments from 2 January 2024 to 1 January 2026 fall in the Article 27A window. Comments from 2 January 2026, including those of May 2026, fall under the KUHP. Which law governs a given comment, and whether the more favourable one applies, is a question for counsel.

2. ITE Law, as amended by Law No. 1 of 2024

Article 27A (defamation by electronic means)

Indonesian:

Setiap Orang dengan sengaja menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik orang lain dengan cara menuduhkan suatu hal, dengan maksud supaya hal tersebut diketahui umum dalam bentuk Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang dilakukan melalui Sistem Elektronik.

English:

Every Person who intentionally attacks the honour or good name of another person by accusing them of something, with the intention that the matter becomes publicly known, in the form of Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents carried out through an Electronic System.

Elucidation of Article 27A

Indonesian:

Yang dimaksud dengan "menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik" adalah perbuatan yang merendahkan atau merusak nama baik atau harga diri orang lain sehingga merugikan orang tersebut, termasuk menista dan/atau memfitnah.

English:

"Attacking honour or good name" means an act that demeans or damages another person's good name or self-respect so that it harms that person, including insulting and/or slandering.

Article 45 paragraphs (4) to (7): the penalty, the complaint requirement, slander, and the exceptions

These paragraphs are the "exception" (eksepsi) side of Article 27A. Paragraph (5) limits who can complain, paragraph (6) covers slander, and paragraph (7) lists what is not punishable.

Indonesian:

(4) Setiap Orang yang dengan sengaja menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik orang lain dengan cara menuduhkan suatu hal, dengan maksud supaya hal tersebut diketahui umum dalam bentuk Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang dilakukan melalui Sistem Elektronik sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27A dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 (dua) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp400.000.000,00 (empat ratus juta rupiah). (5) Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (4) merupakan tindak pidana aduan yang hanya dapat dituntut atas pengaduan korban atau orang yang terkena tindak pidana dan bukan oleh badan hukum. (6) Dalam hal perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (4) tidak dapat dibuktikan kebenarannya dan bertentangan dengan apa yang diketahui padahal telah diberi kesempatan untuk membuktikannya, dipidana karena fitnah dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp750.000.000,00 (tujuh ratus lima puluh juta rupiah). (7) Perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (4) tidak dipidana dalam hal: a. dilakukan untuk kepentingan umum; atau b. dilakukan karena terpaksa membela diri.

English:

(4) Every Person who intentionally attacks the honour or good name of another person by accusing them of something, with the intention that the matter becomes publicly known, in the form of Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents carried out through an Electronic System, as referred to in Article 27A, is punished with imprisonment of up to 2 (two) years and/or a fine of up to Rp400,000,000.00 (four hundred million rupiah). (5) The provision referred to in paragraph (4) is a complaint-based offence that may only be prosecuted on the complaint of the victim or the person affected by the offence, and not by a legal entity. (6) Where the act referred to in paragraph (4) cannot be proven true and is contrary to what the person knew, even though they were given the opportunity to prove it, they are punished for slander with imprisonment of up to 4 (four) years and/or a fine of up to Rp750,000,000.00 (seven hundred and fifty million rupiah). (7) The act referred to in paragraph (4) is not punished where it: a. is done in the public interest; or b. is done because the person was compelled to defend themselves.

Elucidation of Article 45 paragraph (7) letter a (what "public interest" means)

Indonesian:

Yang dimaksud dengan "dilakukan untuk kepentingan umum" adalah melindungi kepentingan masyarakat yang diungkapkan melalui hak berekspresi dan hak berdemokrasi, misalnya melalui unjuk rasa atau kritik. Dalam negara demokratis, kritik menjadi hal penting sebagai bagian dari kebebasan berekspresi yang sedapat mungkin bersifat konstruktif, walaupun mengandung ketidaksetujuan terhadap perbuatan atau tindakan orang lain. Pada dasarnya, kritik dalam pasal ini merupakan bentuk pengawasan, koreksi, dan saran terhadap hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan masyarakat.

English:

"Done in the public interest" means protecting the interests of the community expressed through the right of expression and the right of democracy, for example through demonstrations or criticism. In a democratic state, criticism is important as part of freedom of expression, and should as far as possible be constructive, even if it contains disagreement with another person's acts or actions. Fundamentally, criticism under this article is a form of oversight, correction and suggestion on matters related to the public interest.

Article 27B and Article 45 paragraphs (10) and (11) (threatening to publish an accusation to extort)

Indonesian:

Pasal 27B (2): Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mendistribusikan dan/atau mentransmisikan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik, dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain secara melawan hukum, dengan ancaman pencemaran atau dengan ancaman akan membuka rahasia, memaksa orang supaya: a. memberikan suatu barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang tersebut atau milik orang lain; atau b. memberi utang, membuat pengakuan utang, atau menghapuskan piutang.

Pasal 45 (10): Setiap Orang yang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mendistribusikan dan/atau mentransmisikan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik, dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain secara melawan hukum, dengan ancaman pencemaran atau dengan ancaman akan membuka rahasia, memaksa orang supaya: a. memberikan suatu barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang tersebut atau milik orang lain; atau b. memberi utang, membuat pengakuan utang, atau menghapuskan piutang, sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27B ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 6 (enam) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp1.000.000.000,00 (satu miliar rupiah). (11) Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (10) hanya dapat dituntut atas pengaduan korban tindak pidana.

English:

Article 27B (2): Every Person who intentionally and without right distributes and/or transmits Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents, with the intention of unlawfully benefiting themselves or another person, by threatening to defame or by threatening to reveal a secret, forces a person to: a. hand over an item that wholly or partly belongs to that person or to another; or b. give a debt, make an acknowledgment of debt, or write off a receivable.

Article 45 (10): Every Person who intentionally and without right distributes and/or transmits Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents, with the intention of unlawfully benefiting themselves or another person, by threatening to defame or by threatening to reveal a secret, forces a person to: a. hand over an item that wholly or partly belongs to that person or to another; or b. give a debt, make an acknowledgment of debt, or write off a receivable, as referred to in Article 27B paragraph (2), is punished with imprisonment of up to 6 (six) years and/or a fine of up to Rp1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiah). (11) The offence referred to in paragraph (10) may only be prosecuted on the complaint of the victim of the offence.

Elucidation of Article 27B paragraph (2)

Indonesian:

Yang dimaksud dengan "ancaman pencemaran" adalah ancaman menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik orang lain dengan cara menuduhkan suatu hal dengan maksud supaya hal tersebut diketahui umum.

English:

"Threat of defamation" means a threat to attack another person's honour or good name by accusing them of something, with the intention that the matter becomes publicly known.

Article 29 and Article 45B (threats and frightening messages sent directly to a victim)

Indonesian:

Pasal 29: Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mengirimkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik secara langsung kepada korban yang berisi ancaman kekerasan dan/atau menakut-nakuti.

Pasal 45B: Setiap Orang yang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mengirimkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik secara langsung kepada korban yang berisi ancaman kekerasan dan/atau menakut-nakuti sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 29 dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp750.000.000,00 (tujuh ratus lima puluh juta rupiah).

English:

Article 29: Every Person who intentionally and without right sends Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents directly to a victim that contain threats of violence and/or frighten them.

Article 45B: Every Person who intentionally and without right sends Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents directly to a victim that contain threats of violence and/or frighten them, as referred to in Article 29, is punished with imprisonment of up to 4 (four) years and/or a fine of up to Rp750,000,000.00 (seven hundred and fifty million rupiah).

Elucidation of Article 29 (victim, and cyberbullying)

Indonesian:

Yang dimaksud dengan "korban" adalah orang yang mengalami penderitaan fisik, mental, dan/atau kerugian ekonomi yang diakibatkan oleh tindak pidana. Termasuk dalam perbuatan yang dimaksud dalam ketentuan ini adalah perundungan di ruang digital (cyber bullying).

English:

"Victim" means a person who suffers physical or mental suffering and/or economic loss caused by the offence. The acts covered by this provision include bullying in digital space (cyber bullying).

3. KUHP (Law No. 1 of 2023): defamation, false reports and threats

Chapter XVII, Article 433 (defamation)

Indonesian:

(1) Setiap Orang yang dengan lisan menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik orang lain dengan cara menuduhkan suatu hal, dengan maksud supaya hal tersebut diketahui umum, dipidana karena pencemaran, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 (sembilan) Bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II. (2) Jika perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan dengan tulisan atau gambar yang disiarkan, dipertunjukkan, atau ditempelkan di tempat umum, dipidana karena pencemaran tertulis, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 (satu) tahun 6 (enam) Bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori III. (3) Perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) tidak dipidana jika dilakukan untuk kepentingan umum atau karena terpaksa membela diri.

English:

(1) Every Person who orally attacks the honour or good name of another person by accusing them of something, with the intention that the matter becomes publicly known, is punished for defamation with imprisonment of up to 9 (nine) Months or a fine of up to category II. (2) If the act referred to in paragraph (1) is carried out by writing or pictures that are broadcast, displayed, or posted in a public place, the person is punished for written defamation with imprisonment of up to 1 (one) year 6 (six) Months or a fine of up to category III. (3) The act referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) is not punished if done in the public interest or because the person was compelled to defend themselves.

Article 434 (slander)

Indonesian:

(1) Jika Setiap Orang sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 433 diberi kesempatan membuktikan kebenaran hal yang dituduhkan tetapi tidak dapat membuktikannya, dan tuduhan tersebut bertentangan dengan yang diketahuinya, dipidana karena fitnah, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV. (2) Pembuktian kebenaran tuduhan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), hanya dapat dilakukan dalam hal: a. hakim memandang perlu untuk memeriksa kebenaran tuduhan tersebut guna mempertimbangkan keterangan terdakwa bahwa terdakwa melakukan perbuatan tersebut untuk kepentingan umum atau karena terpaksa untuk membela diri; atau b. Pejabat dituduh melakukan suatu hal dalam menjalankan tugas jabatannya. (3) Pembuktian sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) tidak dapat dilakukan jika hal yang dituduhkan tersebut hanya dapat dituntut atas pengaduan, sedangkan pengaduan tidak diajukan.

English:

(1) If a Person referred to in Article 433 is given the opportunity to prove the truth of what was alleged but cannot prove it, and the accusation is contrary to what they knew, they are punished for slander with imprisonment of up to 3 (three) years or a fine of up to category IV. (2) Proof of the truth of the accusation referred to in paragraph (1) may only be made where: a. the judge considers it necessary to examine the truth of the accusation in order to weigh the defendant's statement that they acted in the public interest or because they were compelled to defend themselves; or b. an Official is accused of something in the performance of their official duties. (3) The proof referred to in paragraph (2) cannot be made if the matter alleged can only be prosecuted on complaint and no complaint has been filed.

Article 435 (effect of court decisions on slander)

Indonesian:

(1) Jika putusan pengadilan yang telah memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap menyatakan orang yang dihina bersalah atas hal yang dituduhkan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 434, tidak dapat dipidana karena fitnah. (2) Jika dengan putusan pengadilan yang telah memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap orang yang dihina dibebaskan dari hal yang dituduhkan, putusan tersebut dianggap sebagai bukti sempurna bahwa hal yang dituduhkan tersebut tidak benar. (3) Jika penuntutan pidana terhadap yang dihina telah dimulai karena hal yang dituduhkan padanya, penuntutan karena fitnah ditangguhkan sampai ada putusan pengadilan yang telah memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap mengenai hal yang dituduhkan.

English:

(1) If a court decision that has become final and binding declares the insulted person guilty of what was alleged, as referred to in Article 434, the accuser cannot be punished for slander. (2) If a court decision that has become final and binding acquits the insulted person of what was alleged, that decision is regarded as perfect proof that the allegation is untrue. (3) If criminal prosecution of the insulted person has already begun over the matter alleged against them, the prosecution for slander is suspended until there is a final and binding court decision on the matter alleged.

Article 436 (minor insult)

Indonesian:

Penghinaan yang tidak bersifat pencemaran atau pencemaran tertulis yang dilakukan terhadap orang lain baik Di Muka Umum dengan lisan atau tulisan, maupun di muka orang yang dihina tersebut secara lisan atau dengan perbuatan atau dengan tulisan yang dikirimkan atau diterimakan kepadanya, dipidana karena penghinaan ringan dengan pidana penjara paling lama 6 (enam) Bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II.

English:

An insult that does not amount to defamation or written defamation, committed against another person either In Public orally or in writing, or in front of the insulted person orally or by an act or by writing sent or delivered to them, is punished as a minor insult with imprisonment of up to 6 (six) Months or a fine of up to category II.

Article 437 (false complaint)

Indonesian:

(1) Setiap Orang yang mengajukan pengaduan atau pemberitahuan palsu secara tertulis atau meminta orang lain menuliskan pengaduan atau pemberitahuan palsu kepada Pejabat yang berwenang tentang orang lain sehingga kehormatan atau nama baik orang tersebut diserang, dipidana karena melakukan pengaduan fitnah, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun 6 (enam) Bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV. (2) Setiap Orang sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat dijatuhi pidana tambahan berupa pencabutan hak sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 86 huruf a dan/atau huruf b.

English:

(1) Every Person who files a false complaint or notification in writing, or asks another person to write a false complaint or notification, to an authorised Official about another person so that the honour or good name of that person is attacked, is punished for a slanderous complaint with imprisonment of up to 3 (three) years 6 (six) Months or a fine of up to category IV. (2) A Person referred to in paragraph (1) may be given the additional penalty of revocation of rights as referred to in Article 86 letter a and/or letter b.

Article 438 (causing a false suspicion)

Indonesian:

Setiap Orang yang dengan suatu perbuatan menimbulkan persangkaan palsu terhadap orang lain bahwa orang tersebut melakukan suatu Tindak Pidana, dipidana karena menimbulkan persangkaan palsu, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun 6 (enam) Bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV.

English:

Every Person who, by an act, gives rise to a false suspicion against another person that they have committed a Criminal Offence is punished for causing a false suspicion with imprisonment of up to 3 (three) years 6 (six) Months or a fine of up to category IV.

Article 440 (complaint requirement)

Indonesian:

Tindak Pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 433, Pasal 434, dan Pasal 436 sampai dengan Pasal 438 tidak dituntut, jika tidak ada pengaduan dari Korban Tindak Pidana.

English:

The Criminal Offences referred to in Article 433, Article 434, and Articles 436 to 438 are not prosecuted if there is no complaint from the Victim of the Criminal Offence.

Article 441 (increase of one third for information technology)

Indonesian:

(1) Ketentuan pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 433 sampai dengan Pasal 439 dapat ditambah 1/3 (satu per tiga) jika dilakukan dengan sarana teknologi informasi. (2) Ketentuan pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 433, Pasal 434, dan Pasal 436 dapat ditambah 1/3 (satu per tiga), jika yang dihina atau difitnah adalah seorang Pejabat yang sedang menjalankan tugasnya yang sah.

English:

(1) The criminal penalties referred to in Articles 433 to 439 may be increased by 1/3 (one third) if committed by means of information technology. (2) The criminal penalties referred to in Article 433, Article 434, and Article 436 may be increased by 1/3 (one third) if the person insulted or slandered is an Official who is lawfully performing their duties.

Article 442 (additional penalty)

Indonesian:

Setiap Orang sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 434 dan Pasal 436 sampai dengan Pasal 439 dapat dijatuhi pidana tambahan berupa pencabutan hak sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 86 huruf a, huruf b, huruf c, dan/atau huruf d.

English:

A Person referred to in Article 434 and Articles 436 to 439 may be given the additional penalty of revocation of rights as referred to in Article 86 letter a, letter b, letter c, and/or letter d.

Article 483 (threat to defame in order to coerce)

Indonesian:

(1) Dipidana karena pengancaman dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV, Setiap Orang yang dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain secara melawan hukum, dengan ancaman pencemaran atau pencemaran tertulis atau dengan ancaman akan membuka rahasia, memaksa orang supaya: a. memberikan suatu Barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang tersebut atau milik orang lain; atau b. memberi utang, membuat pengakuan utang, atau menghapuskan piutang. (2) Tindak Pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) hanya dapat dituntut atas pengaduan Korban Tindak Pidana.

English:

(1) A person is punished for threatening with imprisonment of up to 4 (four) years or a fine of up to category IV, if that Person, with the intention of unlawfully benefiting themselves or another person, by threatening defamation or written defamation or by threatening to reveal a secret, forces a person to: a. hand over an Item that wholly or partly belongs to that person or to another; or b. give a debt, make an acknowledgment of debt, or write off a receivable. (2) The Criminal Offence referred to in paragraph (1) may only be prosecuted on the complaint of the Victim of the Criminal Offence.

Article 79 (fine categories) and Article 86 (rights that can be revoked)

Indonesian:

Pasal 79 (1) Pidana denda paling banyak ditetapkan berdasarkan: a. kategori I, Rp1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah); b. kategori II, Rp10.000.000,00 (sepuluh juta rupiah); c. kategori III, Rp50.000.000,00 (lima puluh juta rupiah); d. kategori IV, Rp200.000.000,00 (dua ratus juta rupiah); e. kategori V, Rp500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah); f. kategori VI, Rp2.000.000.000,00 (dua miliar rupiah); g. kategori VII, Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah); dan h. kategori VIII, Rp50.000.000.000,00 (lima puluh miliar rupiah). (2) Dalam hal terjadi perubahan nilai uang, ketentuan besarnya pidana denda ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Pasal 86: Pidana tambahan berupa pencabutan hak tertentu sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 66 ayat (1) huruf a dapat berupa: a. hak memegang jabatan publik pada umumnya atau jabatan tertentu; b. hak menjadi anggota Tentara Nasional Indonesia dan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia; c. hak memilih dan dipilih dalam pemilihan yang diadakan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan; d. hak menjadi wali, wali pengawas, pengampu, atau pengampu pengawas atas orang yang bukan Anaknya sendiri; e. hak menjalankan Kekuasaan Ayah, menjalankan perwalian, atau mengampu atas Anaknya sendiri; f. hak menjalankan profesi tertentu; dan/atau g. hak memperoleh pembebasan bersyarat.

English:

Article 79 (1) The maximum fine is set according to: a. category I, Rp1,000,000.00 (one million rupiah); b. category II, Rp10,000,000.00 (ten million rupiah); c. category III, Rp50,000,000.00 (fifty million rupiah); d. category IV, Rp200,000,000.00 (two hundred million rupiah); e. category V, Rp500,000,000.00 (five hundred million rupiah); f. category VI, Rp2,000,000,000.00 (two billion rupiah); g. category VII, Rp5,000,000,000.00 (five billion rupiah); and h. category VIII, Rp50,000,000,000.00 (fifty billion rupiah). (2) If the value of money changes, the amount of the fine is set by Government Regulation.

Article 86: The additional penalty of revocation of certain rights referred to in Article 66 paragraph (1) letter a may consist of: a. the right to hold public office in general or specific office; b. the right to be a member of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police; c. the right to vote and be elected in elections held in accordance with statutory regulations; d. the right to be a guardian, supervisory guardian, curator, or supervisory curator of a person who is not one's own Child; e. the right to exercise Paternal Authority, guardianship, or curatorship over one's own Child; f. the right to practise a certain profession; and/or g. the right to obtain parole.

4. KUHP: criminal liability of corporations

Chapter II, Paragraph 3 (Corporate Liability), Articles 45 to 50

Indonesian:

Pasal 45 (1) Korporasi merupakan subjek Tindak Pidana. (2) Korporasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) mencakup badan hukum yang berbentuk perseroan terbatas, yayasan, koperasi, badan usaha milik negara, badan usaha milik daerah, atau yang disamakan dengan itu, serta perkumpulan baik yang berbadan hukum maupun tidak berbadan hukum, badan usaha yang berbentuk firma, persekutuan komanditer, atau yang disamakan dengan itu sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.

Pasal 46 Tindak Pidana oleh Korporasi merupakan Tindak Pidana yang dilakukan oleh pengurus yang mempunyai kedudukan fungsional dalam struktur organisasi Korporasi atau orang yang berdasarkan hubungan kerja atau berdasarkan hubungan lain yang bertindak untuk dan atas nama Korporasi atau bertindak demi kepentingan Korporasi, dalam lingkup usaha atau kegiatan Korporasi tersebut, baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun bersama-sama.

Pasal 47 Selain ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 46, Tindak Pidana oleh Korporasi dapat dilakukan oleh pemberi perintah, pemegang kendali, atau pemilik manfaat Korporasi yang berada di luar struktur organisasi, tetapi dapat mengendalikan Korporasi.

Pasal 48 Tindak Pidana oleh Korporasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 46 dan Pasal 47 dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, jika: a. termasuk dalam lingkup usaha atau kegiatan sebagaimana ditentukan dalam anggaran dasar atau ketentuan lain yang berlaku bagi Korporasi; b. menguntungkan Korporasi secara melawan hukum; c. diterima sebagai kebijakan Korporasi; d. Korporasi tidak melakukan langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk melakukan pencegahan, mencegah dampak yang lebih besar dan memastikan kepatuhan terhadap ketentuan hukum yang berlaku guna menghindari terjadinya tindak pidana; dan/atau e. Korporasi membiarkan terjadinya tindak pidana.

Pasal 49 Pertanggungjawaban atas Tindak Pidana oleh Korporasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 48 dikenakan terhadap Korporasi, pengurus yang mempunyai kedudukan fungsional, pemberi perintah, pemegang kendali, dan/atau pemilik manfaat Korporasi.

Pasal 50 Alasan pembenar dan alasan pemaaf yang dapat diajukan oleh pengurus yang mempunyai kedudukan fungsional, pemberi perintah, pemegang kendali, dan/atau pemilik manfaat Korporasi dapat juga diajukan oleh Korporasi sepanjang alasan tersebut berhubungan langsung dengan Tindak Pidana yang didakwakan kepada Korporasi.

English:

Article 45 (1) A Corporation is a subject of Criminal Offences. (2) A Corporation as referred to in paragraph (1) includes legal entities in the form of limited liability companies, foundations, cooperatives, state-owned enterprises, regionally-owned enterprises, or those equated with them, as well as associations whether or not they are legal entities, business entities in the form of firms, limited partnerships, or those equated with them, in accordance with statutory regulations.

Article 46 A Criminal Offence by a Corporation is a Criminal Offence committed by a manager who holds a functional position in the Corporation's organisational structure, or by a person who, on the basis of an employment relationship or another relationship, acts for and on behalf of the Corporation or acts in the interest of the Corporation, within the scope of that Corporation's business or activities, whether individually or jointly.

Article 47 In addition to the provisions referred to in Article 46, a Criminal Offence by a Corporation may be committed by an instructing party, a controlling holder, or a beneficial owner of the Corporation who is outside the organisational structure but is able to control the Corporation.

Article 48 A Criminal Offence by a Corporation as referred to in Article 46 and Article 47 may be held accountable if: a. it falls within the scope of business or activities as determined in the articles of association or other provisions applicable to the Corporation; b. it unlawfully benefits the Corporation; c. it is accepted as the Corporation's policy; d. the Corporation does not take the steps necessary to prevent, to prevent a greater impact, and to ensure compliance with applicable legal provisions in order to avoid the occurrence of the criminal offence; and/or e. the Corporation allows the criminal offence to occur.

Article 49 Liability for a Criminal Offence by a Corporation as referred to in Article 48 is imposed on the Corporation, the manager who holds a functional position, the instructing party, the controlling holder, and/or the beneficial owner of the Corporation.

Article 50 Justifications and excuses that may be raised by the manager who holds a functional position, the instructing party, the controlling holder, and/or the beneficial owner of the Corporation may also be raised by the Corporation, insofar as those grounds relate directly to the Criminal Offence charged against the Corporation.

Chapter III, Part Four (Penalties and Measures for Corporations), Articles 118 to 124

Indonesian:

Pasal 118 Pidana bagi Korporasi terdiri atas: a. pidana pokok; dan b. pidana tambahan.

Pasal 119 Pidana pokok sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 118 huruf a adalah pidana denda.

Pasal 120 (1) Pidana tambahan bagi Korporasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 118 huruf b terdiri atas: a. pembayaran ganti rugi; b. perbaikan akibat Tindak Pidana; c. pelaksanaan kewajiban yang telah dilalaikan; d. pemenuhan kewajiban adat; e. pembiayaan pelatihan kerja; f. perampasan Barang atau keuntungan yang diperoleh dari Tindak Pidana; g. pengumuman putusan pengadilan; h. pencabutan izin tertentu; i. pelarangan permanen melakukan perbuatan tertentu; j. penutupan seluruh atau sebagian tempat usaha dan/atau kegiatan Korporasi; k. pembekuan seluruh atau sebagian kegiatan usaha Korporasi; dan l. pembubaran Korporasi. (2) Pidana tambahan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf h, huruf j, dan huruf k dijatuhkan paling lama 2 (dua) tahun. (3) Dalam hal Korporasi tidak melaksanakan pidana tambahan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf a sampai dengan huruf e, kekayaan atau pendapatan Korporasi dapat disita dan dilelang oleh jaksa untuk memenuhi pidana tambahan yang tidak dipenuhi.

Pasal 121 (1) Pidana denda untuk Korporasi dijatuhi paling sedikit kategori IV, kecuali ditentukan lain oleh Undang-Undang. (2) Dalam hal Tindak Pidana yang dilakukan diancam dengan: a. pidana penjara di bawah 7 (tujuh) tahun, pidana denda paling banyak untuk Korporasi adalah kategori VI; b. pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) sampai dengan paling lama 15 (lima belas) tahun, pidana denda paling banyak untuk Korporasi adalah kategori VII; atau c. pidana mati, pidana penjara seumur hidup, atau pidana penjara paling lama 20 (dua puluh) tahun, pidana denda paling banyak untuk Korporasi adalah kategori VIII.

Pasal 122 (1) Pidana denda wajib dibayar dalam jangka waktu tertentu yang dimuat dalam putusan pengadilan. (2) Putusan pengadilan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat menentukan pembayaran pidana denda dengan cara mengangsur. (3) Jika pidana denda sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) tidak dibayar dalam jangka waktu yang telah ditentukan, kekayaan atau pendapatan Korporasi dapat disita dan dilelang oleh jaksa untuk melunasi pidana denda yang tidak dibayar. (4) Dalam hal kekayaan atau pendapatan Korporasi tidak mencukupi untuk melunasi pidana denda sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3), Korporasi dikenai pidana pengganti berupa pembekuan sebagian atau seluruh kegiatan usaha Korporasi.

Pasal 123 Tindakan yang dapat dikenakan bagi Korporasi: a. pengambilalihan Korporasi; b. penempatan di bawah pengawasan; dan/atau c. penempatan Korporasi di bawah pengampuan.

Pasal 124 Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai tata cara pelaksanaan pidana dan tindakan bagi Korporasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 118 sampai dengan Pasal 123 diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

English:

Article 118 Penalties for a Corporation consist of: a. principal penalties; and b. additional penalties.

Article 119 The principal penalty referred to in Article 118 letter a is a fine.

Article 120 (1) Additional penalties for a Corporation referred to in Article 118 letter b consist of: a. payment of compensation; b. repair of the consequences of the Criminal Offence; c. performance of obligations that have been neglected; d. fulfilment of customary obligations; e. financing of job training; f. confiscation of Goods or profits obtained from the Criminal Offence; g. publication of the court decision; h. revocation of certain licences; i. permanent prohibition from certain acts; j. closure of all or part of the Corporation's business premises and/or activities; k. suspension of all or part of the Corporation's business activities; and l. dissolution of the Corporation. (2) The additional penalties referred to in paragraph (1) letters h, j, and k are imposed for a maximum of 2 (two) years. (3) If a Corporation does not carry out the additional penalties referred to in paragraph (1) letters a to e, the Corporation's assets or income may be seized and auctioned by the prosecutor to fulfil the unfulfilled additional penalty.

Article 121 (1) A fine for a Corporation is imposed at a minimum of category IV, unless otherwise provided by Law. (2) Where the Criminal Offence committed is punishable by: a. imprisonment of less than 7 (seven) years, the maximum fine for a Corporation is category VI; b. imprisonment of a maximum of 7 (seven) up to a maximum of 15 (fifteen) years, the maximum fine for a Corporation is category VII; or c. the death penalty, life imprisonment, or imprisonment of a maximum of 20 (twenty) years, the maximum fine for a Corporation is category VIII.

Article 122 (1) A fine must be paid within a certain period contained in the court decision. (2) The court decision referred to in paragraph (1) may provide for payment of the fine in instalments. (3) If the fine referred to in paragraph (1) is not paid within the specified period, the Corporation's assets or income may be seized and auctioned by the prosecutor to settle the unpaid fine. (4) If the Corporation's assets or income are insufficient to settle the fine referred to in paragraph (3), the Corporation is subject to a substitute penalty in the form of suspension of part or all of the Corporation's business activities.

Article 123 Measures that may be imposed on a Corporation: a. takeover of the Corporation; b. placement under supervision; and/or c. placement of the Corporation under guardianship.

Article 124 Further provisions on the procedure for carrying out penalties and measures for Corporations referred to in Articles 118 to 123 are regulated by Government Regulation.

5. What this means for the Fomo employer-label notices

• A label is not a corporate act. Under Articles 46 to 48, a company is answerable for an offence only where it was committed by someone acting for it or in its interest, within the scope of its business, and one of the conditions in Article 48 is met (for example, it benefits the company unlawfully, is accepted as company policy, or the company fails to take necessary preventive steps or lets the offence happen). A commenter who displays a company's name on a personal profile does not meet that description on that fact alone.
• My notices do not allege a corporate offence. They ask each company to look at its own records and policies, where there is a basis to do so, and otherwise ask for nothing.
• Only the victim can complain. KUHP Article 440 and ITE Law Article 45 paragraph (5) both make defamation a complaint-based offence for the person affected. Paragraph (5) adds that a legal entity cannot make that complaint. A company therefore cannot file an Article 27A defamation complaint for itself.
• Public interest and self-defence are defences. KUHP Article 433 paragraph (3) and ITE Law Article 45 paragraph (7) exclude punishment for acts done in the public interest or to defend oneself. The elucidation to Article 45 paragraph (7) letter a says criticism, even disagreeing criticism, is protected expression. Many comments in the Fomo threads are opinion or criticism of this kind, which is why my case records describe most of them as neutral.

Limits of this post

• The Indonesian text is taken from scans of the official PDFs. I corrected character errors that were obvious from context, but I have not compared every word against the printed State Gazette.
• The English translations are mine and unofficial. Where an Indonesian term has no exact English equivalent ("Korporasi," "Pejabat," "Barang," "Kekuasaan Ayah"), I used a capitalised literal term.
• I have not quoted every article of these laws. I chose those relevant to defamation, threats, cyberbullying and corporate liability, and the articles they refer to.
• Which law applies to a given act, and whether the elements are met, is for a licensed lawyer, the police and the courts to decide.
• This is my own account and opinion, and it is not legal advice.